Main Debates
What are the differences between diplomatic, political/ territorial asylum within the Latin American protection framework?
To what extent does each of the two forms of Latin American "asylum" remain a discretionary right of a sovereign state and its implications for refugee protection?
How to overcome the dualism "asilo and refugio" (asylum and refuge) in Latin America?
In Latin America, is it preferable to apply regional treaties on asylum when individuals seek asylum in states parties to these instruments or refugee status under the international refugee instruments?
Main Points
Evolution of the right of "asylum" in the Americas and its codification
Distinctions between refugio (refuge)/territorial asylum and political/diplomatic asylum
Diplomatic asylum as regional customary law in Latin America
Confusion caused by the distinction between refugio (refuge)/territorial asylum and asylum granted to refugees based on the 1951 Geneva Convention and/or its 1967 Protocol
Treaties
Caracas Convention on Territorial Asylum, 28 March 1954, OAS Treaty Series No. 19.
Caracas Convention on Diplomatic Asylum, 28 March 1954, OAS Treaty Series No. 18.
Montevideo Treaty on Asylum and Political Refuge, 4 August 1939.
Montevideo Convention on Political Asylum, 26 December 1933.
Havana Convention on Asylum, 20 February 1928.
Montevideo Treaty on International Penal Law, 23 January 1889, Arts 15-18 (on Asylum).
Cases
Case Pacheco Tineo v. Bolivia. Judgment of 25 November 2013, Inter-American Court of Human Rights, parr.137-143. (The Court refers to the evolution of the right of asylum in the Americas and its relationship to refugee protection and in particular, the importance of the 1951 Convention and its 1967 Protocol).
Columbia v. Peru, Judgement of 20 November 1950, International Court of Justice, I.C.J. Reports 1950, p. 273. (The Court declared that the granting of asylum by the Colombian Embassy to the instigator of a military uprising against the government of Peru did not fulfil the conditions envisaged in the Havana Convention in as much as the asylum country does not enjoy a right to qualify the nature of the offence upon which asylum is granted by a unilateral and definitive decision; also, the alleged regional custom on diplomatic asylum neither includes a safe-conduct to leave the country of origin – in which the Embassy of the country granting asylum is based – nor extends protection for the time necessary to solve such a request).
Readings
Core
Editor’s Note
Please note that the Latin American effort to technically differentiate between territorial asylum and diplomatic asylum through the adoption of regional conventions ended in 1954 with the Caracas conventions. In State practice, both forms of "asylum" remain as distinct categories based on whether the protection to the persecuted is granted inside (territorial asylum) or outside (diplomatic asylum) the asylum country. The previous regional conventions in reality, used the terms "asylum", "refugio (refuge), "political refuge" and "political asylum" sometimes as interchangeable concepts. This has led to the confusion by States and some traditional scholar opinion that in Latin America the term "asylum" only refers to the Latin American conventions and its two modalities of "asylum" (territorial and diplomatic) while the term "refugio" (refuge) refers to refugee status under the 1951 Convention and/or its 1967 Protocol. In contemporary State practice, however, very few cases still apply for asylum under the Latin American conventions. Recent scholar opinion and the developments of the Inter-American System have underlined the relationship between the regional human rights instruments and refugee protection as well as the need to refer to the 1951 Convention and/or its 1967 Protocol to define the content and scope of the right of asylum, as enshrined in the regional human rights instruments.
Main Debates
Is environmentally induced migration “forced migration”? Does it matter if the environmental change is slow or abrupt, human-induced or the result of dominantly natural processes?
Should environmentally induced migrants qualify as refugees? Under what regime (the existing or a new one, specifically tailored to “environmentally induced refugees”)?
Main Points
Environmentally and climate change induced migration as forced migration
Access to complementary or alternative forms of international protection
UNHCR Documents
UNHCR, ‘Climate change, natural disasters and human displacement: a UNHCR perspective’, Policy Paper, August 14, 2009. Climate change, natural disasters and human displacement: a UNHCR perspective
Readings
Core
J. McAdam, ‘Climate Change, Forced Migration and International Law’, (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2012), pp. 52-98.
R. Zetter, ‘Protecting People Displaced by Climate Change: some conceptual challenges’, in: J. McAdam (ed.). Climate Change and Displacement: multidisciplinary perspectives, (Oxford: Hart Publishing, 2010), pp. 131-150.
Extended
C. Cournil, ‘The Protection of “Environmental Refugees” in International Law’, in: É. Piguet, A. Pécoud, P. de Guchteneire (eds), ‘Migration and Climate Change’, (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press and UNESCO, 2011), pp. 359-387.
W. Kälin, ‘Conceptualizing Climate-Induced Displacement’, in J. McAdam (ed), Climate Change and Displacement: multidisciplinary perspectives, (Oxford: Hart Publishing, 2010), pp. 81-103.
L. Westra, ‘Environmental Justice & the Rights of Ecological Refugees’, (London: Earthscan, 2009), pp. 3-45.
Editor’s Note
Although environment induced migrants, including climate change induced migrants cannot be regarded as refugees under the 1951 Convention, refugee law developments may apply to this category of migrants. For instance, complementary protection might be available or the IDP Principles may be applied to environment induced migrants in the context of internal displacement.
Мэриэллен Фуллертон (Maryellen Fullerton)
Ответственный редактор русского издания
Наталья Зайберт (NataliaZaibert)
Редакционная Коллегия
Розмари Бёрн (Rosemary Byrne)
Бупиндер Чимнй (Bhupinder Chimni)
Француа Крепо (François Crépeau)
Мэдэлайн Гарлик (Madeline Garlick)
Элспет Гилд (Elspeth Guild)
Болдижар Нодь (Boldizsár Nagy)
Луис Перал (Luis Peral)
Йенс Ведстед-Хансен (Jens Vedsted-Hansen)
Welcome!
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Temas de discusión
¿Hasta qué punto es procedente la práctica de examinar individualmente a las personas beneficiarias de protección temporal?
¿Existen normas de protección jurídicamente exigibles a los Estados en estos casos, o se trata de prácticas discrecionales de los Estados?
¿Qué duración tiene la protección temporal?
¿Qué derechos deben garantizarse a aquellos a quiénes se les otorga protección temporal?
Cuestiones esenciales
Protección temporal como medida administrativa hasta que se lleve a cabo la determinación individual de las solicitudes de asilo o se reconozca colectivamente al grupo de refugiados.
Protección temporal como precursor, no como alternativa, de la protección convencional.
La protección temporal no permite a los Estados eludir sus obligaciones en el marco de la Convención de Ginebra y los demás tratados de derechos humanos.
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