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Main Debates
Exclusion v. Protection for Conscripts Acting under Superior Orders
Should Different Exclusion Criteria Apply to Child Soldiers?
Main Points
Already Receiving Protection
Undeserving of International Protection
War Crimes and Coercion: Child Soldiers
Treaties
Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees, 28 July 1951, 189 U.N.T.S.150., Articles 1.D, 1.E, 1.F, and Annex VI.
Protocol Relating to the Status of Refugees, 4 October 1967, 606 U.N.T.S. 267.
Charter of the International Military Tribunal, in Agreement for the Prosecution and Punishment of the Major War Criminals of the European Axis, 8 Aug.1945, 8 U.N.T.S. 280, Art. 6.
Soft Law
UNHCR, 'Handbook on Procedures and Criteria for Determining Refugee Status under the 1951 Convention and the 1967 Protocol Relating to the Status of Refugees', HCR/IP/4/Rev.1, 1979, paras. 140-163.
UNHCR Documents
UNHCR, 'Guidelines on International Protection. Application of the Exclusion Clauses (Article 1 F of the 1951 Convention)', 2003.
Cases
Australia RRT Reference N96/12101 (25 November 1996) (Australian administrative decision ruling that asylum seeker from Liberian rebel group that committed many atrocities should not be excluded because he acted under duress)
Moreno v. Canada 107 D.L.R. 4th 424 (1993) (forcibly conscripted teenage Salvadoran present at torture of prisoners not excluded)
Zacarias Osorio Cruz (Immigration Appeal Board) Decision M88-20043X CLIC Notes 118.6 25 March 1988 (Canada) (Mexican army deserter who reported political executions was not excluded, despite his participation in killings)
Readings
Core
J. Hathaway, The Law of Refugee Status (Toronto: Butterworths, 1991), 91-114.
G. Gilbert, 'Current issues in the application of the exclusion clauses' in E. Feller, V. Türk, and F. Nicholson (eds.) 'Refugee Protection in International Law' UNHCR's Global Consultations on International Protection (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2003), 425-478.
G. Goodwin-Gill and J. McAdam, The Refugee in International Law (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2007), pp. 421–446. [G. Goodwin-Gill, The Refugee in International Law (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1996), pp. 205–229].
Extended
M. Gallagher, S.J., ‘Soldier Bad Boy: Child Soldiers, Culture and Bars to Asylum’ International Journal of Refugee Law, vol. 13, no. 3 (2001), p. 310.
J. Hathaway, ‘Framing Refugee Protection in the New World Disorder’, Cornell International Law Journal, vol. 34, no. 2 (2001), pp. 257–320.
B. Saul, ‘Exclusion of Suspected Terrorists from Asylum: Trends in International and European Refugee Law’, Institute for International Integration Studies, Discussion Paper, no. 26, July 2004.
Treaties
Convention and Protocol Relating to the Status of Refugees
Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees, 28 July 1951, 189 U.N.T.S. 150, Articles 1.D, 1.E, 1.F, and Annex VI. Protocol Relating to the Status of Refugees, 4 October 1967, 606 U.N.T.S. 267.
Charter of the International Military Tribunal
Charter of the International Military Tribunal, in Agreement for the Prosecution and Punishment of the Major War Criminals of the European Axis, 8 Aug.1945, 8 U.N.T.S. 280, Art. 6.
Soft Law
Handbook on Procedures and Criteria for determining Refugee Status
UNHCR, 'Handbook on Procedures and Criteria for Determining Refugee Status under the 1951 Convention and the 1967 Protocol Relating to the Status of Refugees', HCR/IP/4/Rev.1, 1979, paras. 140-163.
UNHCR Documents
Guidelines on International Protection
UNHCR, 'Guidelines on International Protection. Application of the Exclusion Clauses (Article 1 F of the 1951 Convention)', 2003.
Cases
Refugee Review Tribunal Decision No. N96/12101
Australia RRT Reference N96/12101 (25 November 1996). (australian administrative decision ruling that asylum seeker from Liberian rebel group that committed many atrocities should not be excluded because he acted under duress
Moreno v. Canada
Moreno v. Canada 107 D.L.R. 4th 424 (1993) (forcibly conscripted teenage Salvadoran present at torture of prisoners not excluded)
Cruz v. Canada
Zacarias Orsorio Cruz (Immigration Appeal Board) Decision M88-20043X CLIC Notes 118.6 25 March 1988 (Canada) (Mexican army deserter who reported political executions not excluded, despite his participation in killings)
Readings
Core
The Law of Refugee Status
J. Hathaway, The Law of Refugee Status (Toronto: Butterworths, 1991), 91-114.
Current Issues in the Application of the Exclusion Clauses
G. Gilbert, 'Current issues in the application of the exclusion clauses' in E. Feller, V. Türk, and F. Nicholson (eds.) 'Refugee Protection in International Law' UNHCR's Global Consultations on International Protection (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2003), 425-478.
The Refugee in International Law
G. Goodwin-Gill and J. McAdam, The Refugee in International Law (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2007), pp. 421–446. [G. Goodwin-Gill, The Refugee in International Law (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1996), pp. 205–229].
Extended
Soldier Bad Boy: Child Soldiers, Culture and Bars to Asylum
M. Gallagher, S.J., ‘Soldier Bad Boy: Child Soldiers, Culture and Bars to Asylum’ International Journal of Refugee Law, vol. 13, no. 3 (2001), p. 310.
Framing Refugee Protection in the New World Disorder
J. Hathaway, ‘Framing Refugee Protection in the New World Disorder’, Cornell International Law Journal, vol. 34, no. 2 (2001), pp. 257–320.
Exclusion of Suspected Terrorists from Asylum: Trends in International and European Refugee Law
B. Saul, ‘Exclusion of Suspected Terrorists from Asylum: Trends in International and European Refugee Law’, Institute for International Integration Studies, Discussion Paper, no. 26, July 2004.
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