e. Internal Protection Alternative

  Main Debates Internal Flight Alternative v. Internal Protection Alternative Should Barriers to Access to Protection and to Secure an Existence Matter? Who has the Burden of Proof?   Main Points Absence of Persecution in One Region v. Access to  Genuine Protection Factors that Affect Practical Access to Protection Elsewhere Within Country of Origin: Logistical, Linguistic, Familial, Financial, etc.   Soft Law UNHCR, 'Handbook on Procedures and Criteria for Determining Refugee Status under the 1951 Convention and the 1967 Protocol Relating to the Status of Refugees', HCR/IP/4/Rev.1, 1979, para. 91.     UNHCR Documents UNHCR, 'Guidelines on International Protection: "Internal Flight or Relocation Alternative" within the Context of Article 1A(2) of the 1951 Convention and/or 1967 Protocol relating to the Status of Refugees', 2003.   Cases New Zealand Refugee Appeal No. 71684/99 of 29 Oct. 1999 (decision of the Refugee Appeals Authority adopting the IPA principles of Michigan Guidelines) Rasaratnam v. Canada, F.C.J.  No. 1256 of 1990  (Canadian Court of Appeal decision holding that IPA requires no possibility of persecution in area of potential relocation rather than not unreasonable to seek refuge there) Duzdkiker  v. Minister for Immigration and Multicultural Affairs, FAC 390 of 2000 (Australian Federal Court decision applying IPA test of real protection and reasonableness of relocation)   Readings Core J. Hathaway and M. Foster, 'Internal Protection/Relocation/Flight Alternative as an Aspect of Refugee Status Determination' in E. Feller, V. Türk, and F. Nicholson (eds.) 'Refugee Protection in International Law' UNHCR's Global Consultations on International Protection (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2003), 357-417. 'The Michigan Guidelines on the Internal Protection Alternative', April 1999.   Extended N. Kelley, 'Internal Flight/Relocation/Protection Alternative: Is It Reasonable?' (2002) 14 International Journal of Refugee Law  4. H. Storey, 'The Internal Flight Alternative Test: The Jurisprudence Re-examined' (1998) 10 International Journal of Refugee Law  506. ELENA, 'Research Paper on the Application of the Concept of Internal Protection Alternative' (1998 updated 2000).