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Main Debates
Are Women, as a Majority of the Population, a Social Group Under the 1951 Convention?
Do Laws or Harsh Customs Imposed Upon Women Warrant International Protection?
Treaties
Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women (CEDAW), 18 Dec. 1979, 1249 U.N.T.S. 513.
UNHCR Documents
UNHCR 'Guidelines on the Protection of Refugee Women', 1991, paras 57-62.
UNHCR, 'Guidelines on Prevention and Response to Sexual and Gender Based Violence', 2003.
UNHCR EXCOM, 'Refugee Women and International Protection', Conclusion No. 39 (XXXVI), 1985.
UNHCR EXCOM, 'Refugee Women and International Protection', Conclusion No. 64 (XLI), 1990.
UNHCR EXCOM, 'Refugee Protection and Sexual Violence', Conclusion No. 73 (XLIV), 1993.
Cases
Core
R. v. Immigration Appeal Tribunal ex parte Shah; Islam v Secretary of State for the Home Department (1999) 2 AC 629. (UK judicial decision holding Pakistani women accused of adultery feared persecution based on their social group)
Matter of Kasinga 21 Immigration & Nationality Decisions 357 (BIA 1996). (US administrative decision recognising as a social group women who fear female genital mutilation)
Aguirre-Cervantes v. INS 242 F 3d 1169 (9th Cir 2001). (US judicial decision granting asylum to a Mexican woman based on physical abuse by father)
Extended
Matter of S-A - Interim Decision 3433 (BIA 2000) (US administrative decision granting asylum to Moroccan woman based on physical and emotional abuse by father)
In re JJ (Immigration Court York PA 10 April 2001 Judge Van Wyke). (US administrative decision granting asylum to Spanish Roma fearing forced return to abusive marriage)
Readings
Core
R. Haines, 'Gender-Related Persecution’ in E. Feller, V. Türk, and F. Nicholson (eds.) ‘Refugee Protection in International Law’ UNHCR’s Global Consultations on International Protection (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2003), 319-350.
D. Anker, 'Refugee Law, Gender, and the Human Rights Paradigm,' (2002) 15 Harvard Human Rights Journal 133-154.
Extended
Canadian Immigration and Refugee Board, ‘Guidelines on Women Refugee Claimants Fearing Gender-Related Persecution’ (Ottawa, 9 March 1993); Update to the Women Refugee Guidelines issued 25 Nov. 1996.
UK Immigration Appellate Authority, ‘Asylum Gender Guidelines’, November 2000.
‘Asylum and Witholding Definitions’ (7 December 2000) 65 Federal Register 236, 76588–76598 (US proposed rule on gender and domestic violence asylum claims)
A. Macklin, ‘Cross Border Shopping for Ideas: A Critical Review of United States, Canadian and Australian Approaches to Gender-related Asylum Cases’ (Fall 1998) 13 Georgetown Immigration Law Journal 25.
T. Spijkerboer, Gender and Refugee Status (Dartmouth and Aldershot: Ashgate, 2000), 107-132, 172-182, 189-206.
H. Crawley and T. Lester, Comparative Analysis of Gender-related Persecution in National Asylum Legislation and Practice in Europe, May 2004 (UNHCR Evaluation and Policy Analysis Unit, EPAU/2005/05).
Treaties
Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women
Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women (CEDAW), 18 Dec. 1979, 1249 U.N.T.S. 513.
UNHCR Documents
Guidelines on the Protection of Refugee Women
UNHCR, 'Guidelines on the Protection of Refugee Women', 1991, paras. 57-62.
Guidelines on Prevention and Response to Sexual and Gender Based Violence
UNHCR, 'Guidelines on Prevention and Response to Sexual and Gender Based Violence', 2003.
Refugee Women and International Protection
UNHCR EXCOM, 'Refugee Women and International Protection', Conclusion No. 39 (XXXVI), 1985.
Refugee Women and International Protection
UNHCR EXCOM, 'Refugee Women and International Protection', Conclusion No. 64 (XLI), 1990.
Refugee Protection and Sexual Violence
UNHCR EXCOM, 'Refugee Protection and Sexual Violence', Conclusion No. 73 (XLIV), 1993.
Cases
Core
R. v. Immigration Appeal Tribunal ex parte Shah; Islam v Secretary of State for the Home Department
R. v. Immigration Appeal Tribunal ex parte Shah; Islam v Secretary of State for the Home Department (1999) 2 AC 629. (UK judicial decision holding Pakistani women accused of adultery feared persecution based on their social group)
Matter of Kasinga
Matter of Kasinga 21 Immigration & Nationality Decisions 357 (BIA 1996). (US administrative decision recognising as a social group women who fear female genital mutilation)
Aguirre-Cervantes v. INS
Aguirre-Cervantes v. INS 242 F 3d 1169 (9th Cir 2001). (US judicial decision granting asylum to a Mexican woman based on physical abuse by father)
Extended
Matter of S-A
Matter of S-A - Interim Decision 3433 (BIA 2000) (US administrative decision granting asylum to Moroccan woman based on physical and emotional abuse by father)
In re JJ
In re JJ (Immigration Court York PA 10 April 2001 Judge Van Wyke). (US administrative decision granting asylum to Spanish Roma fearing forced return to abusive marriage)
Readings
Core
Gender-Related Persecution
R. Haines, 'Gender-Related Persecution’ in E. Feller, V. Türk, and F. Nicholson (eds.) ‘Refugee Protection in International Law’ UNHCR’s Global Consultations on International Protection (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2003), 319-350.
Refugee Law, Gender, and the Human Rights Paradigm
D. Anker, 'Refugee Law, Gender, and the Human Rights Paradigm,' (2002) 15 Harvard Human Rights Journal 133-154.
Extended
Guidelines on Women Refugee Claimants Fearing Gender-Related Persecution
Canadian Immigration and Refugee Board, ‘Guidelines on Women Refugee Claimants Fearing Gender-Related Persecution’ (Ottawa, 9 March 1993); Update to the Women Refugee Guidelines issued 25 Nov. 1996.
Asylum Gender Guidelines
UK Immigration Appellate Authority, ‘Asylum Gender Guidelines’, November 2000.
Asylum and Witholding Definitions
‘Asylum and Witholding Definitions’ (7 December 2000) 65 Federal Register 236, 76588–76598 (US proposed rule on gender and domestic violence asylum claims)
Cross Border Shopping for Ideas: A Critical Review of United States, Canadian and Australian Approaches to Gender-related Asylum Cases
A. Macklin, ‘Cross Border Shopping for Ideas: A Critical Review of United States, Canadian and Australian Approaches to Gender-related Asylum Cases’ (Fall 1998) 13 Georgetown Immigration Law Journal 25.
Gender and Refugee Status
T. Spijkerboer, Gender and Refugee Status (Dartmouth and Aldershot: Ashgate, 2000), 107–132, 172–182, 189–206.
Comparative Analysis of Gender-related Persecution in National Asylum Legislation and Practice in Europe
H. Crawley and T. Lester, Comparative Analysis of Gender-related Persecution in National Asylum Legislation and Practice in Europe, May 2004 (UNHCR Evaluation and Policy Analysis Unit, EPAU/2005/05).
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